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#14095: NEWS ON STRIFE IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA

1963-05-14, WRVR, min.

Presented on ERN (Educational Radio Network)
News on the strife in Birmingham, Alabama, Governor George Wallace charges US interference, negroes charge "police brutality," an interview with CORE director James Farmer.

#14145F: "AMERICAN EXPERIENCE, THE": RACIAL CRISIS IN AMERICA

1963-06-16, WNEW, min.

Negro leaders such as James Farmer, Malcolm X, and Wyatt Tee Walker,  then the executive director of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr's Southern Christian leadership Conference and later one of the most influential African American pastors in New York City,  discuss the current negro racial crisis.

Moderator Richard Heffner

#14224: NEWS, THE

1963-07-15, , min.

Government forces kill 80 Viet Cong, police in New York City arrest eight Neo-Nazis trying to incite a riot at the White Castle diner integration area, an arsenal of unique weapons is seized, the sit-in continues at the White Castle diner, comment by James Farmer, Governor Nelson Rockefeller attacks the GOP who support Barry Goldwater.

#14276: CIVIL RIGHTS MARCH ON WASHINGTON, THE

1963-08-28, , 150 min.

SPECIAL REPORTS RECORDED ARE INTERLACED IN THESE AUDIO AIR CHECKS THROUGHOUT THE DAY, STATIONS INTERRUPTING REGULAR PROGRAMMING, IN REAL TIME, AS EVENTS OCCUR. BROADCAST HEARD FROM WINS RADIO NEWS, ABC TELEVISION, WNBC RADIO, AND NBC TELEVISION. COVERAGE BEGINS AT 9:30 AM EASTERN STANDARD TIME.

On the day of this unprecedented extraordinary March on Washington, an estimated quarter of a million demonstrators planned to gather a the Washington Monument in the nation's capital. People from all walks of life and distances are taking part in a Jobs and Freedom March sponsored by six major civil-rights groups in the country. their goal: "A massive, peaceful and democratic demonstration as evidence of he need for the Federal government to take action on civil rights."

Howard K. Smith and Richard Bates report at the Lincoln Memorial. Ed Silverman reports on the parade march passing the White House, describing different groups who are marching. Jackie Robinson is heard...reports regarding the strength of the crowd now reaching 100,000 people...Eli Abel reports. Robert McCormack reports on Marian Anderson, singer. Advertisements for Freedom Land and the new Jerry Lewis show, and The Sunday Night Movie are heard.

Frank McGee reports on the crowds as they reach the Lincoln Memorial. Ray Scherer at the Lincoln Memorial waiting for leaders to arrive anticipates the program will start at 1:30 pm. He describes details of the program. Martin Agronsky reports and interviews Norman Thomas of the Socialist Party, who praises the March. Richard Bates interviews Burt Lancaster. ABC NEWS journalist Lisa Howard interviews James Baldwin at the Washington Monument. He states that this day is a turning point, and that "Americans will grow up." Report on the many buses arriving with people who are heard singing, "We Shall Overcome." At 11:20 am an up to the hour report from Jim Groden.

Russ Ward interviews Marlon Brando at the Lincoln Memorial (recorded earlier). Joe Michaels reports observations from a Mobile Unit during drive around the surrounding area of Washington D.C. Dick Gregory speaks to the crowd. Bob Dylan, Joan Biaz sing the spiritual song, "Hold ON." Burt Lancaster at the microphone..."The hour which we came approaches." He reads a scroll consisting of 1,500 supporters of the March. Announcements of the names of the speakers who will preside shortly are stated. Introduction of Harry Belafonte who reads some of the names on the scroll, including Marlon Brando, Tony Franciosa, Sammy Davis Jr., Steve Cochran, Robert Ryan, Sidney Poiter, Gregory Peck, Anthony Quinn, Paul Newman, Charlton Heston, Lena Horne, Ruby Dee, others. Harry
Belafonte reads the pledge in its entirety, called "FREEDOM FOR ALL-THE AMERICAN DREAM." Marlon Brando is interviewed and states that "...all of us have been remiss in not voicing out..." On the podium Philip Randolph speaks, and introduces Camilla Williams who sings the National Anthem. Invocation by Patrick O'Doyle who sates, "This is the largest demonstration in the history of this nation." Additional reports from different stations. Miss Daisy Bates gives a special award to Rosa Parks. Walter Reuther speaks, as well as Floyd McKissick, National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality...speaking for James Farmer who is in prison.

Senator Strom Thurmond from South Carolina voices his opinions...thinks that the March on Washington is unnecessary!

Howard K. Smith gives a commentary. Richard Bates reports, stating that the rally should wind up at around 4:40 pm. Freedom song is heard, "Freedom is Worth Shouting About." Mahalia Jackson sings a song requested by Dr. Martin Luther King, "I've Been Duped and I've Been Scared." A. Philip Randolph speaks abut the movement and those individuals whom have been devoted to the cause. Introduction of "moral leader of our nation," Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who gives his iconic 16 minute "I Have a Dream" speech.

#14276B: MARCH ON WASHINGTON, THE

1963-08-28, WGBH, 900 min.

THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON FOR JOBS AND FREEDOM - 1963 LIVE BROADCAST FROM THE EDUCATIONAL RADIO NETWORK (ERN).

This 15 hour treasure of archived programming, retained by WGBH, has been processed, refined, improved with continuity (extraneous master material eliminated), by Phil Gries.

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was originally broadcast live across the Educational Radio Network (known as ERN, a precursor to NPR which established itself in 1971) on August 28, 1963. The coverage began at 9am and continued for 15 uninterrupted hours, until Midnight. The live broadcast was heard on 89.7 WGBH Boston Public Radio, a member of the network and an active participant in the broadcast.

INCLUDED IN THE DAYS EVENTS AND RECORDED:

9am-10am-Introduction by anchor George Geesey, who reports from various locations by ERN staff. Pre-program entertainment from the stage at the Washington Monument grounds.

10am-11am-Interviews with participants, music from the stage Joan Baez, Peter, Paul & Mary, and Odetta. Segment also includes various interviews including with George W. Goodman, clergy from Acton, Mass., and an update from police headquarters.

11am-Noon-Bob Dylan sings. Comments from Bayard Rustin, Jackie Robinson. President John F Kennedy press conference clips, various on-the-spot interviews with marchers.

Noon to 1:00pm-Reports of the actual March, along with pre-recorded "reflections" on the meaning of the march by Roy Wilkins. Pre-recorded interview with John A. Volpe, former Massachusetts governor. Interview with Norman Thomas.

1:00pm-2:00pm-Interview with Marlon Brando. Pre-recorded interviews with Senator Paul Douglas (D-IL), Senator Kenneth Keating (R-NY), Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, Josephine Baker, Rev. Ralph Abernathy, Dr Ralph Bunche, and Dick Gregory. Bob Dylan sings Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Len Chandler and Stuart Scharf sing, "Keep Your Eyes On The Prize." Interviews with Burt Lancaster and Harry Belafonte.

2:00pm-4:15pm - THE OFFICIAL PROGRAM OF THE MARCH:

Camilla Williams sings The National Anthem.
A. Philip Randolph introduction.
Daisy Bates speaks.
Dr. Eugene Carson Blake remarks.
Marion Anderson sings.
John Lewis speaks.
Walter Reuther remarks.
James Farmer (imprisoned) remarks read by Floyd McKissick).
Eva Jessye Choir perform.
Whitney Young remarks.
Roy Wilkins speaks
Mahalia Jackson sings.
Rabbi Joachim Prinz remarks.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. introduction by A. Philip Randolph.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks.
Bayard Rustin reads demands.
A. Philip Randolph reads pledge.
Dr. Benjamin E Mays of Morehouse College gives closing benediction.

4:15pm-5:30pm-Demonstrators leaving, clean-up logistics, singing replays of Bayard Rustin reading the list of demands and A. Philip Randolph reading the march pledge, pre-recorded comments by James Farmer, recorded interview with Senator Hubert Humphrey, recorded report with G. Mennen Williams, pre-recorded report form Voice of America reporter Robert Rodden, Isaiah Minkoff interview, follow-up on earlier report of food poisoning pre-recorded statement from Louis Fox.

5:30pm-6:30pm-Commentaries on the march, problems of dispersal, pre-recorded telephone interview with Arthur Miller, live interview with Thomas Adel Queener (Ghana), discussion with psychiatrists Dr. Frank Abram Hale and Dr. Elizabeth Davis, press conference on White House meeting of top 10 march leaders with President John F. Kennedy.

6:30pm-7;00pm-Myron Spencer reports the news "Backgrounds." Myron Spence, director of the graduate school of business at Northeastern University with guest Dr. William C Kvaraceus, director of youth studies at the Lincoln Filenes Center and professor of education at Tufts University.

7:00pm-9:00pm-WGBH's Bill Cavness introduces excerpts from the afternoon's official ceremony from the Lincoln Memorial.

9:00pm-10:30pm-Panel discussion on the implications of the Freedom March on Washington. Moderator Geoffrey Godsell, editorial writer for The Christian Science Monitor, with his guests, Heywood Burns, author of "The Voices of Negro Protest in America", William Higgs, civil rights consultant and representative of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee on the Leadership Conference of Civil Rights, and William Goldsmith, assistant professor of politics at Brandies University.

10:30pm-11:00pm-Reflections on The March by ERN reporters who covered it. Anchor George Geesey with Malcolm Davis, Arnold Shaw, Al Hulsen, Cal Mositer, Jeff Giley, and David Edwards. Bob Medgar Evers, Charles P. McLean, director of public relations for the E.O. Elks, and Massachusetts Attorney General, Edward Brook.

11:00-Midnight- One hour WGBH News retrospective.

NOTE: The original archived complete 15 hour broadcast was recorded on 10 reels of 1/4" tape. WGBH took the lead related to coverage, though it was basically hosted out of Washington, D.C. This affiliate station was more stable than many of the others which were run mostly by college students.

There are many compromised audio issues in the archived reels. Performances on stage in many cases were recorded at much lower volumes and many speeches were recorded "off mike." Similar issues related to the volume exist when reporters at the scene are talking and then vast changes in volume are heard when switching to anchors who would report on follow up details and the dissemination of events that were happening and scheduled to occur.

The original recordings in some cases were poorly recorded in the first place at the time of the live broadcast. Whomever was controlling the sound mix of the varied broadcast audio feeds allowed, at times, for the ambiance of the crowd to overpower a performer on stage.

There existed at the time during transfers, dubbing, etc. other recording issues related to the archived tapes themselves which created level inconsistencies. Also, it must be remembered that THE EDUCATIONAL RADIO NETWORK at that time were comprised of NOT seasoned and experienced professionals like some of the other personnel employees working at the major networks.

Many of the above issues, related above, have been improved by Phil Gries after many hours of equalizing and remastering the entire broadcast. What now exists as archived at Archival Television Audio, Inc.is the best version known to exist.

#14276C: CIVIL RIGHTS MARCH ON WASHINGTON, THE

1963-08-28, , 46 min.

*Highlights
from ATA #14276 which runs 150 minutes.
Some of the names notated here may be omitted from this condensed version which runs 46 minutes.

SPECIAL REPORTS RECORDED ARE INTERLACED IN THESE AUDIO AIR CHECKS THROUGHOUT THE DAY, STATIONS INTERRUPTING REGULAR PROGRAMMING, IN REAL TIME, AS EVENTS OCCUR. BROADCAST HEARD FROM WINS RADIO NEWS, ABC TELEVISION, WNBC RADIO, AND NBC TELEVISION. COVERAGE BEGINS AT 9:30 AM EASTERN STANDARD TIME.

On the day of this unprecedented extraordinary March on Washington, an estimated quarter of a million demonstrators planned to gather a the Washington Monument in the nation's capital. People from all walks of life and distances are taking part in a Jobs and Freedom March sponsored by six major civil-rights groups in the country. their goal: "A massive, peaceful and democratic demonstration as evidence of he need for the Federal government to take action on civil rights."

Howard K. Smith and Richard Bates report at the Lincoln Memorial. Ed Silverman reports on the parade march passing the White House, describing different groups who are marching. Jackie Robinson is heard...reports regarding the strength of the crowd now reaching 100,000 people...Eli Abel reports. Robert McCormack reports on Marian Anderson, singer. Advertisements for Freedom Land and the new Jerry Lewis show, and The Sunday Night Movie are heard.

Frank McGee reports on the crowds as they reach the Lincoln Memorial. Ray Scherer at the Lincoln Memorial waiting for leaders to arrive anticipates the program will start at 1:30 pm. He describes details of the program. Martin Agronsky reports and interviews Norman Thomas of the Socialist Party, who praises the March. Richard Bates interviews Burt Lancaster. ABC NEWS journalist Lisa Howard interviews James Baldwin at the Washington Monument. He states that this day is a turning point, and that "Americans will grow up." Report on the many buses arriving with people who are heard singing, "We Shall Overcome." At 11:20 am an up to the hour report from Jim Groden.

Russ Ward interviews Marlon Brando at the Lincoln Memorial (recorded earlier). Joe Michaels reports observations from a Mobile Unit during drive around the surrounding area of Washington D.C. Dick Gregory speaks to the crowd. Bob Dylan, Joan Biaz sing the spiritual song, "Hold ON." Burt Lancaster at the microphone..."The hour which we came approaches." He reads a scroll consisting of 1,500 supporters of the March. Announcements of the names of the speakers who will preside shortly are stated. Introduction of Harry Belafonte who reads some of the names on the scroll, including Marlon Brando, Tony Franciosa, Sammy Davis Jr., Steve Cochran, Robert Ryan, Sidney Poiter, Gregory Peck, Anthony Quinn, Paul Newman, Charlton Heston, Lena Horne, Ruby Dee, others. Harry
Belafonte reads the pledge in its entirety, called "FREEDOM FOR ALL-THE AMERICAN DREAM." Marlon Brando is interviewed and states that "...all of us have been remiss in not voicing out..." On the podium Philip Randolph speaks, and introduces Camilla Williams who sings the National Anthem. Invocation by Patrick O'Doyle who sates, "This is the largest demonstration in the history of this nation." Additional reports from different stations. Miss Daisy Bates gives a special award to Rosa Parks. Walter Reuther speaks, as well as Floyd McKissick, National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality...speaking for James Farmer who is in prison.

Senator Strom Thurmond from South Carolina voices his opinions...thinks that the March on Washington is unnecessary!

Howard K. Smith gives a commentary. Richard Bates reports, stating that the rally should wind up at around 4:40 pm. Freedom song is heard, "Freedom is Worth Shouting About." Mahalia Jackson sings a song requested by Dr. Martin Luther King, "I've Been Duped and I've Been Scared." A. Philip Randolph speaks abut the movement and those individuals whom have been devoted to the cause. Introduction of "moral leader of our nation," Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. who gives his iconic 16 minute "I Have a Dream" speech.

#14493: VOICES IN THE HEADLINES: ABC RADIO NEWS

1964-04-19, ABC, min.

Voices in The Headlines was an American news program broadcast on ABC radio featuring the top news stories of the day. It was hosted by long-time radio and television announcer Fred Foy. 

A review of the week's news: A coup in Laos, Optimistic view on the South Vietnam crisis, comment by Dean Rusk, countered by Richard Nixon, Civil rights bill still debated-comments by Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Martin Luther King, Robert Kennedy, the trial of Medgar Evers killer Byron Dela Beckwith leads to a hung jury, comments by James Farmer and Malcolm X, Jackie Robinson at New York's World's Fair opening. 

Narrator: Fred Foy.   

NOTE: Fred Foy, best known for his voicing the opening of THE LONE RANGER on radio joined the ABC TV announcing staff in New York in 1961. For ABC RADIO he narrated the award-winning news documentary, VOICES IN THE HEADLINES a 25-minute weekly wrap up of salient news events of the week with sound bites representing the news as it was recorded.

#14808: VOICES IN THE HEADLINES: ABC RADIO NEWS

1965-05-09, ABC, 24 min.

Voices in The Headlines was an American news program broadcast on ABC radio featuring the top news stories of the day. It was hosted by long-time radio and television announcer Fred Foy, and also Gilbert Hodges. 

A review of the week's top news stories: The US sends troops to the Dominican Republic to stop communist seizure of the country, U Thant from the United Nations, Wally Bruner reporting from Santo Domingo with troops engaged in combat,  Nikolai Federenko, and Adlai Stevenson in a heated exchange in the UN, air war continues in Vietnam, President Johnson asks Congress for more money for Vietnam involvement which is backed by Robert McNamara, the end of the European war, comments by President Johnson and Dwight Eisenhower, Leroy Wilkens KKK trial for the murder of Viola Liuzzo, the case ends in a mistrial by an all-white jury, Core's James Farmer in a civil rights talk. 

Narrator: Fred Foy.   

NOTE: Fred Foy, best known for his voicing the opening of THE LONE RANGER on radio joined the ABC TV announcing staff in New York in 1961. For ABC RADIO he narrated the award-winning news documentary, VOICES IN THE HEADLINES a 25-minute weekly wrap up of salient news events of the week with sound bites representing the news as it was recorded.

#14894: VOICES IN THE HEADLINES: ABC RADIO NEWS

1965-06-27, ABC, min.

Voices in The Headlines was an American news program broadcast on ABC radio featuring the top news stories of the day. It was hosted by long-time radio and television announcer Fred Foy. 

A review of the week's top news stories: Vietnam crisis, President Johnson talks at UN, a Bomb explosion in Vietnam kills 40, Russian criticism of Vietnam presence by the US, Senators Frank Church, and Everett Dirksen support Vietnam war effort, Robert Kennedy gives a talk about nuclear weapons, Medicare legislation, domestic turmoil in Algeria, in wake of the coup which ousted Ahmed Ben Bella, 15th anniversary of the start of the Korean war, the first anniversary of the murder of three civil rights workers in Mississippi, comment by James Farmer of Core, Adlai Stevenson comments on 20th anniversary of UN charter, comments by New York State Senator Jacob Javits on the death of Bernard Baruch.

Narrator: Fred Foy.   

NOTE: Fred Foy, best known for his voicing the opening of THE LONE RANGER on radio joined the ABC TV announcing staff in New York in 1961. For ABC RADIO he narrated the award-winning news documentary, VOICES IN THE HEADLINES a 25-minute weekly wrap up of salient news events of the week with sound bites representing the news as it was recorded.

#14929: VOICES IN THE HEADLINES: ABC RADIO NEWS

1965-08-08, ABC, 21 min.

Voices in The Headlines was an American news program broadcast on ABC radio featuring the top news stories of the day. It was hosted by long-time radio and television announcer Fred Foy. 

A review of the week's top news stories: President Johnson signs legislation allowing negroes to vote, comment by Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, James Farmer, and Averill Harriman just back from Moscow, no interest in stopping the Vietnam war, Maxwell Taylor gives a report from South Vietnam, Earle Wheeler says war will continue, Premier Ky of South Vietnam wants more US troops, comments by US troops on Viet Cong, UFO sightings, 20th anniversary of Hiroshima A-bombing, Dean Rusk says US will not be driven out of Vietnam.

Narrator: Fred Foy.   

NOTE: Fred Foy, best known for his voicing the opening of THE LONE RANGER on radio joined the ABC TV announcing staff in New York in 1961. For ABC RADIO he narrated the award-winning news documentary, VOICES IN THE HEADLINES a 25-minute weekly wrap up of salient news events of the week with sound bites representing the news as it was recorded.

#15344: VOICES IN THE HEADLINES: ABC RADIO NEWS

1967-07-23, ABC, 22 min.

Voices in The Headlines was an American news program broadcast on ABC radio featuring the top news stories of the day. It was hosted by long-time radio and television announcer Fred Foy. 

A review of the week's top news stories: Racial violence, comment by Ramsey Clark, rioting in Plainfield,New Jersey, questions about gun control, Black Power conference, comments by James Farmer and H.Rap Brown, Vietcong accurately mortars a US base, on the spot report: 3 MIGS shot down, comment by  pilot, poet Carl Sandberg has died.  

Narrator: Fred Foy.   

NOTE: Fred Foy, best known for his voicing the opening of THE LONE RANGER on radio joined the ABC TV announcing staff in New York in 1961. For ABC RADIO he narrated the award-winning news documentary, VOICES IN THE HEADLINES a 25-minute weekly wrap up of salient news events of the week with sound bites representing the news as it was recorded.

#15635: NEWSMAKERS: WCBS RADIO

1968-03-17, WCBS, 15 min.

Panel discussion includes James Farmer, Ralph Penza, and Connecticut Senator Clifford Case. 
Also included, NBC Radio News with host John Masterman who discusses the topic of Gold. Features financial news with Wilma Soos, who discusses the Gold controversy.

#15730A: RADIO & TV NEWS REPORTS:THE ASSASSINATION OF DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING

1968-04-04, Many, 100 min.

First radio and television news accounts (different stations) from approximately 9:45pm EST related to the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr, in Memphis, Tennessee.

These reports include first radio bulletins and reports.

Beginning News Bulletin Radio report related to Martin Luther King assassination.
According to Jesse Jackson a shot fired at King from a building across the street as he stood on his hotel balcony. As he was getting ready with a group of friends and associates to eat dinner when the shot was fired.

Dr. King's death comes only one night after he told associates he was not disturbed by reports that he would be subjected to physical harm while in Memphis. The civil rights leader was in the city to take charge of demonstrations in support of the city's 1300 striking garbage workers. Most of these garbage workers are negro. Las week the march led by King erupted into rioting. ONe person was killed in that rioting. There had been legal attempts in a court order to revent Dr. King from leading another demonstration in a few days. Dr. Martin Luther King and his attorneys have gone into court in an attempt to have that ban lifted. A decision was expected tomorrow. Dr. King was proclaiming the fact that the could indeed lead.

Tom Jarriel reports to ABC's Bob Young...reaction of the assassination which took place around 7:10pm...rioting in Tennessee...death of King around 8pm...President Johnson's response to the public...VP Hubert Humphrey comments, Steve Young reports from Carnegie Hall...Duke Ellington turns concert into a memorial, Ed Bradley Man on the Street reactions in Harlem to the assassination, comments from Dr. Sterling Brown, Senator Charles Percy comments...Don Hickman reports from Memphis Tennessee.

Other stations are archived at this time including the following reports:

PBS reaction of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King.
Rioting in Tennessee...WNBC radio Charles Percy states that we must bring negroes into the mainstream of labor and business...Dick Reeves and Frank Gardner reports from WCBS News. Report that King died at 8pm EST. President Lyndon Johnson responds to the American people. Vice President Hubert Humphrey responds. King shot in the neck. One bullet . Steve Young at Carnegie Hall. Duke Ellington turns concert into a memorial. At 7:10 King was shot. Ed Bradley reports with man on the street interviews in Harlem, NY. Dr. Sterling Brown comments. Senator Charles P:ercy interviewed at the Plaza Hotel. Don Hickman reports from Memphis Tennessee. Dr. Martin Luther King, third youngest person to win the Nobel Prize. Short biography of King. Effects of Civil Rights during the Viet Nam War, view on congress and their focus on non violence.

WOR radio report. Jean Sheppard. Bill Mazer. WABC report. Lee Leonard quotes King who said "I am a dead man. The only question is when?" Discussion. Extra police are sent to Harlem. Atmosphere there is electric. James Farmer statement read by nesman. City College closed tomorrow. WVATS speech by Senator Wayne Morris. Riot ing in Memphis Tennessee. WLOK'S Tom Wat son reports. WVAI additional comments. WnBC Lee Leonard studio interview. Dick Reeves. Looting Harlem.
SP EICAL BROADCAST then NBC re orts from Memphis TN. Jesse Jackson is interviewed ...reaction when bullet hit Dr. King. Again here President Johnson speech to the nation. Late reports from Danie Schorrand King speech, "...mine eyes have seen the glory.". Hubert Humphrey quote that King "An apostle of non-violence has been the victim of violence." CBS TV Russell long interviewed by Marvin Agronsky. WINS reports. King's first filmed interview on Bus Boycott in 1961 in Montgomery Alabama. Charles Kuralt reports retrospective...King at convention during the summer of 1956...prayer pilgrimage, King on advantages of sit-ins.

NOTE: All of the above air checks audio taped were recorded off the air (television and radio) in real time, switching from one station to another...radio to TV to radio to TV, back and forth from approximately 9:45pm EST.

13 records found for James Farmer